We can fetch data from SharePoint in various ways - CSOM (client side object model), JSOM (JavaScript Object Model), Server Object Model, Graph API, Rest API.
REST API has been one of the most popular choice for developers. Major advantage is that REST is faster, universally accepted standard, platform independent.
With SharePoint, you can quickly test the REST call in your browser (try url from address bar) to check the returned response before actually using it.
REST API to get all items from SharePoint List/Document Library
Use GetByTitle('[List Name]')https://[Tenant].sharepoint.com/sites/[SiteName]/_api/web/lists/GetByTitle('[ListName]')/items[Tenant] = name of your tenant
[SiteName] = Name of Site Collection / Sub site
[ListName] = Name of your SharePoint list
Get only selected column
Append ?$select=[Column Name]https://[Tenant].sharepoint.com/sites/[SiteName]/_api/web/lists/GetByTitle('[ListName]')/items
?$select=TitleGet multiple columns
Append ?$select=[Column Name 1,Column Name 2]https://[Tenant].sharepoint.com/sites/[SiteName]/_api/web/lists/GetByTitle('[ListName]')/items
?$select=Title,DateYou can further filter, order and sort columns in the REST query.
This link can be used with an AJAX function in your HTML and JQuery/JavaScript code to process and display the results ==> data.d.
The REST call will work with any language - .Net, JAVA, PHP, HTML, etc.
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